Errors, Freaks and Oddities

True production errors, constant varieties, and one-off freaks separated from damage.

What to record

• issuing country or authority and postal purpose
• design, denomination, inscriptions, color, and format
• paper, watermark, perforation or separation method
• mint or used state, gum or cancellation, and all faults

What commonly causes mistakes

• assuming age or an unusual appearance means rarity
• matching only the portrait or color while ignoring paper and perforation
• confusing damage, missing teeth, fading, or staining with a production variety
• using an asking price or unrelated certificate as value evidence

A practical research sequence

1. Photograph front and back at high resolution.
2. Transcribe every inscription and record denomination, color, format, and cancellation.
3. Narrow the catalog family using paper, watermark, perforation, printing, and issue date.
4. Inspect condition and alterations before comparing certified or sold examples.

Condition and value

Value depends on exact identity, condition, centering, gum or cancellation, faults, certification, demand, and a defensible comparison set. A famous design does not automatically make an individual example rare.