Reperforation and Repairs

Added perforations, filled thins, reperforated edges, cleaned cancels, and altered gum.

What to record

• the exact issue or object being tested
• measurable physical evidence and reference standard
• front, back, edges, gum, cancellation, and associated cover context
• certificate, provenance, prior description, and any known alteration

What commonly causes mistakes

• relying on one visual resemblance or home test
• damaging the stamp with fluid, chemicals, heat, tape, or aggressive handling
• treating a one-off production freak as a cataloged constant variety
• claiming certainty where expertization or specialized literature is needed

A practical research sequence

1. Photograph front and back at high resolution.
2. Transcribe every inscription and record denomination, color, format, and cancellation.
3. Narrow the catalog family using paper, watermark, perforation, printing, and issue date.
4. Inspect condition and alterations before comparing certified or sold examples.

Condition and value

Value depends on exact identity, condition, centering, gum or cancellation, faults, certification, demand, and a defensible comparison set. A famous design does not automatically make an individual example rare.